2FA

What Is 2FA?

Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) is a security method that requires users to confirm their identities with two forms of identification. These methods, such as passwords, fingerprints, SMS codes, smart cards, and biometrics, can be mixed in various combinations, enhancing both the security and dependability of user accounts.

Why Is 2FA Needed?

With the Internet's pervasive influence and the rapid evolution of computer and network technologies, the exchange of information among individual users on computer networks has become ubiquitous. The advent of e-commerce, e-government, and mobile payment has added convenience to daily life but also introduced the transmission of sensitive data over the Internet, including company contracts, business orders, payment accounts, mobile app passwords, and bank account details. Safeguarding this information is paramount, given the obligation for receivers to maintain strict confidentiality and prevent disclosure to third parties.

In the digital age, enterprises face the challenge of protecting numerous network devices, emphasizing the need to secure them. Unauthorized acquisition of administrator permissions could lead to intrusions on enterprise network devices, potentially resulting in the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information or even the collapse of the entire network system.

The surge in cybercrime, marked by intricate attacks and substantial economic losses, necessitates proactive measures. Authentication of users accessing applications, services, and network devices becomes imperative. 2FA, as a widely adopted and straightforward access control method for identity verification, serves to enhance the security and reliability of user accounts.

What Are the Common Identification Forms?

Common Identification methods include:

• Knowledge factor: passwords, PINs, and security question answers.

• Possession factor: software tokens (e.g., SMS codes, email links) and hardware tokens (e.g., ID cards, key cards).

• Inherent factor: biometrics like fingerprints, voice, and facial features.

• Location factor: specific locations, devices, and IP addresses.

• Time factor: specific time ranges.

If two forms of the same type are used (e.g., password + security question), it's Single-Factor Authentication (SFA). In short, 2FA requires users to provide two distinct forms of identification.

What Are the Typical Applications of 2FA?

• Knowledge + Possession Factor:

Employees accessing office systems remotely via VPN use a password and SMS verification code.

Logging into systems through email or social media requires a password and CHAPTCHA.

• Knowledge + Inherent Factor:

Payment systems for gaming, shopping, and mobile apps authenticate users using a password and either SMS verification code or QR code scanning.

• Knowledge + Location Factor:

Logging into systems through email or social media involves a password and a specified IP address range.

• Knowledge + Time Factor:

Coupon redemption systems in mobile apps use a password and a specific time range for authentication.

• Possession + Inherent Factor:

Ticket checking systems in railway stations and airports require a valid certificate (ID card or passport) and facial recognition.

In essence, 2FA ensures security by requiring users to combine different forms of identification in various applications.

What Is the 2FA Process?

Whether accessing an application, service, or network device, the 2FA procedure remains consistent. Illustrated here is the 2FA process for an application:

1. User initiates login.

2. Initial authentication involves entering login credentials, typically an account and password.

3. Successful initial authentication prompts the user to provide a second authentication factor.

4. Upon successful completion of both authentication steps, the user obtains the necessary system operation permissions.